Leaf damage caused by herbivory on black mangrove (Avicennia germinans L.) trees in Tabasco, México
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Abstract
Mangrove swamps are exposed to natural disturbances caused by biotic and abiotic factors. In 2010, the incidence of Anacamptodes sp. affected 3,841 ha of black mangrove in Tabasco, México. Therefore, leaf herbivory damage on black mangrove trees in Las Coloradas, Ampliación Las Aldeas, Tabasco was evaluated. In a plot of 1000 m2, 28 black mangrove manually planted trees and 28 naturally regenerated trees were selected. Leaf damage, tree height, and stem diameter variables measured during dry, rainy and windy seasons in 201 and 2014; besides, organisms responsible of leaf damage were identifying. A randomly complete design in split plot arrangement was used considering the tree category and the season as big and small plots, respectively. For leaf damage data, an Anova (p < 0.05) was performed while Pearson correlation coefficient was determined between leaf area damaged and growth variables. There was not significant differences between tree categories for leaf damage variable; in contrast, significant differences were observed in relation to the season and the interaction tree category x season. The highest leaf damage values were register during windy season in 2013 and dry season in 2014. Planted trees registered higher leaf damage during the dry (20.17 %) and rainy (16.72 %) season of 2013. There was found a low significant Pearson correlation coefficient between leaf damaged and tree height (r = -0.13; p = 0.047) and between leaf damaged and stem diameter (r = 0.16; p = 0.38). Foliar damage was caused by caterpillars of Junonia sp. grasshoppers of the family Acrididae and Tettigoniidae and crabs (Aratus pisonii), and consisted on consumption of leaf area around leaf edges; this damage did not significantly affect the growth of black mangrove trees.
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